This paper deals with an automatic part-of-speech disambiguation of Czech texts containing the word to (E. it) in fixed collocations used especially in spoken Czech, and, moreover, with case identification of the pronominal reading of this word. The word to is ambiguous: the result of automatic morphological analysis of this word is either the pronominal lemma ten (it) as a nominative/accusative singular neuter, or the particle lemma to. It is very difficult to automatically distinguish the nonprepositional nominative and accusative case in Czech texts. Therefore, the paper primarily focuses on to as a particle. The software module performing automatic identification of collocations in Czech corpus texts is part of the automatic morphological rule-based disambiguation used for tagging texts of synchronic Czech in the corpora of the SYN series: it deals mainly with the disam-biguation of nongrammatical collocations and phrases. The paper focuses on fixed ex-pressions listed in the Dictionary of Czech Phraseology and Idiomatics and is based on the description of automatic identification and classification of collocations comprising the word to in the SYN2010 corpus. Also, examples (primarily idioms) are presented where automatic disambiguation using general grammatical rules yields unreliable results.
Tropical savanna ecosystems are extremely diverse and important for global carbon storage. In the state of Mato Grosso, tropical savanna (locally known as the Cerrado), turns from well-drained, upland areas into seasonally flooded areas within the Pantanal; however, the Cerrado and the Pantanal share many common tree species, such as Vochysia divergens, a flood-adapted tree native to the Amazon Basin, and Curatella americana, a tree, adapted native to the welldrained the Cerrado. We measured the photosynthetic light response of these species in the the Cerrado and the Pantanal over a 1-year period to determine how these species physiologically adjust to these hydrologically distinct habitats. We hypothesized that neither species would experience a significant decline in maximum, light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax) in their naturalized habitat. Physiological performance of each species was generally higher in the habitat that they were adapted to; however, our data indicated that both species have broad tolerance for seasonal variations in hydrology, allowing them to tolerate seasonal drought during the dry season in the Cerrado, and seasonal flooding during the wet season in the Pantanal. In V. divergens, flexible water-use efficiency, higher specific leaf area (SLA), and a greater ability to adjust mass-based Pmax (Pmax,m) to variations in leaf N and P concentration appeared to be key traits for withstanding prolonged drought in the Cerrado. In C. americana, increases in SLA and higher nutrient-use efficiency appeared to be important in maintaining high rates of Pmax,m in the seasonally flooded Pantanal. Flexibility in physiology and resource-use efficiency may allow these species to survive and persist in habitats with broadly differing hydrology., H. J. Dalmagro, F. de A. Lobo, G. L. Vourlitis, Â. C. Dalmolin, M. Z. Antunes Jr., C. E. R. Ortíz, J. de S. Nogueira., and Obsahuje bibliografii