Let D be an oriented graph of order n and size m. A γ-labeling of D is a one-to-one function f : V (D) → {0, 1, 2, . . . , m} that induces a labeling f ' : E(D) → {±1, ±2, . . . , ±m} of the arcs of D defined by f ' (e) = f(v) − f(u) for each arc e = (u, v) of D. The value of a γ-labeling f is val(f) = ∑ e∈E(G) f ' (e). A γ-labeling of D is balanced if the value of f is 0. An oriented graph D is balanced if D has a balanced labeling. A graph G is orientably balanced if G has a balanced orientation. It is shown that a connected graph G of order n ≥ 2 is orientably balanced unless G is a tree, n ≡ 2 (mod 4), and every vertex of G has odd degree.
The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the problems associated with the fielding of questions of a socially sensitive nature typically dealing with crime, health, and sexual activity in nationally representative sample surveys. This article presents an overview of previous research on this topic and associated themes such as the definition of sensitive survey questions, the emergence and impact of social desirability effects and application of the Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology (CASM) to mechanisms of question response on sensitive topics. Thereafter, this article maps out specific sources of error that are likely to occur when fielding sensitive survey questions; and highlights methods that may used to minimise measurement error, thereby enhancing data validity. The article concludes with an appraisal of some of the most influential criterion-validity used in this sub-field of survey research., Johana Chylíková., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy