In field grown cashew trees {Anacardium occidentale L.) net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was maximum in leaves grown in all four directions (East - E, West - W, South - S and North - N) between 11 to 12 h. Between 15 to 16 h, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and were higher in W than in other directions, however stomatal conductance (g^) and transpiration rate (E) were similar in all the four directions. Maximum was found in the leaves of middle portion of the tree. Irradiance was more important for than gs, intercellular CO2 (Q), and E which did not exeit significant differences at different directions and timings.
The evolutionary ayntheaio rnethod is applied to calculate Mgl+MgH λ 5150 and TiO λ 7150 absorption features of integrated spectra and integrated UBV colours of a stellar system. These calculations are used to investigate star formation rate in nuclei of some spiral galaxies. The (IMg, B-V) diagram is shown to be a goo discriminator between metallicity and star formation effects. Star formation rates, metallicities and initial mass function slopes are obtained for the nuclei of 8 spiral galaxies. Star formation rates in nuclei correlate with rotation velocities of galaxies. Dynamical friction of gas clouds system in a galactic stellar disk is the possible cause of that correlation.