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272. Mechanismus vášní v "économie animale": k otázce vášní duše v osvícenské medicíně
- Creator:
- Tinková, Daniela
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- láska, melancholie, osvícenství, fyziologie, psychiatrie, love, melancholy, enlightenment, physiology, psychiatry, vášně duše, passions of soul, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- The aim of this study is to show how the emotions - in particular the so-called "passions of the soul" - were understood and interpreted in the medical thinking of the late Enlightenment. We focus chiefly on three innovations in 18th century medicine: the "discovery" of the neuro-cerebral system (the ’birth’ of neurology); the search for the "seat" of illnesses in particular organs (the "birth" of pathological anatomy); and the gradual separation of the body and the soul as objects of medical enquiry (the "birth of psychiatry). We consider whether, and to what extent, these innovations contributed to the breakdown of the "old" diagnostic paradigms of the "passions of the soul", or whether in fact they helped to maintain them. We also discuss to what extent the consideration of these passions fostered a new approach to the relationship between the body and the soul in Enlightenment medicine. Some of the phenomena studied are illustrated by specific examples of (erotic) love and melancholy. and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
273. Mechanismy vývinu hypertenze závislé na soli
- Creator:
- Michal Pravenec
- Format:
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Biologické vědy, hypertenze, kuchyňská sůl, hemodynamika, fyziologie, hypertension, table salt, hemodynamics, physiology, vliv soli, mineralokortikoidy, aldosteron, mineralocorticoids, 2, and 57/59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Hypertenze závislá na soli patří mezi nejčastější rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních onemocnění. U většiny případů je příčina tohoto onemocnění neznámá, avšak významný podíl hypertenzních jedinců citlivých k soli má zvýšené hladiny mineralokortikoidů. V tomto přehledném článku popisujeme hemodynamické abnormality a mechanismy odpovědné za vývin této formy hypertenze., Salt-dependent hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. In most cases, the etiology is unknown, but it has been estimated that a significant percentage of salt-sensitive hypertensive individuals have mineralocorticoid excess. In this review, we describe hemodynamic abnormalities and mechanisms responsible for initiation of this form of hypertension., and Michal Pravenec.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
274. Methodological aspects of measuring amino acid uptake in studies with porcine jejunal brush border membrane vesicles
- Creator:
- Fan, M. Z., Adeola, O., Turek, J. J., and Asem, E. K.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, prasata, physiology, pigs, l-glutamine, initial uptake, equilibrium uptake, brush border membrane vesicles, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- M. Z. Fan, O. Adeola, J. J. Turek, E. K. Asem. and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
275. Microinjection of salusin-β into the nucleus tractus solitarii inhibits cardiovascular function by suppressing presympathetic neurons in rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats
- Creator:
- Lu, Y., Wu, Y. S., Chen, D. S., Wang, M. M., Wang, W. Z., and Yuan, W. J.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, neurony, physiology, neurons, salusin, medulla, baroreflex, presympathetic neuron, rat, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Salusin-β is newly identified bioactive peptide of 20 amino acids, which is widely distributed in hematopoietic system, endocrine system, and the central nervous system (CNS). Although salusin- β extensively expressed in the CNS, the central cardiovascular functions of salusin-β are unclear. Our main objective was to determine the cardiovascular effect of microinjection of salusin-β into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in anesthetized rats. Bilateral or unilateral microinjection of salusin-β (0.94-94 μg/rat) into the NTS dose-dependently decreased blood pressure and heart rate. Bilateral NTS microinjection of salusin-β (9.4 μg/rat) did not alter baroreflex sensitivity. Prior application of the glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (0.19 μg/rat, n=9) into the NTS did not alter the salusin-β (9.4 μg/rat) induced hypotension and bradycardia. However, pretreatment with the GABA receptor agonist muscimol (0.5 ng/rat) within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) completely abolished the hypotension (-14±5 vs. -3±5 mm Hg, P <0.05) and bradycardia (-22±6 vs. -6±5 bpm, P <0.05) evoked by intra-NTS salusin-β (9.4 μg/rat). In addition, we found that vagotomy didn’t influence the actions of salusin-β (9.4 μg/rat) in the NTS. In conclusion, our present study shows that microinjection of salusin-β into the NTS significantly produces hypotension and bradycardia, presumably by suppressing the activities of presympathetic neurons in the RVLM., Y. Lu, Y. S. Wu, D. S. Chen, M. M. Wang, W. Z. Wang, W. J. Yuan., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
276. Microvascular endothelial cells from human omentum lack an inward rectifier K+ current
- Creator:
- Himmel, H. M., Rauen, U., and Ravens, U.
- Format:
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, physiology, whole-cell voltage clamp, ion substitution, non-excitable cells, Na+ background current, chloride conductance, CA 2+ - activated K+ current, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In most macrovascular endothelial cell (EC) preparations, resting membrane potential is determined by the inwardly rectifying K+ current (IK1), whereas in microvascular EC the presence of IK1 varies markedly. Cultured microvascular EC from small vessels of human omentum were examined by means of the voltage-clamp technique to elucidate the putative role of IK1 in maintaining resting membrane potential. Macrovascular EC from human iliac artery and bovine aorta served as reference. Human omentum EC showed an outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation. Inward current was hardly sensitive to variations of extracellular [K+] and Ba2+ block suggesting lack of IK1. However, substitution of extracellular [Na+] and/or [Cl-] affected the current-voltage relation indicating that Na+ and Cl- contribute to basal current. Furthermore, outward current was reduced by tetraethylammonium (10 mM), and cell-attached recordings suggested the presence of a Ca2+-activated K+ current. In contrast to human omentum EC, EC from human iliac artery and bovine aorta possessed inwardly rectifying currents which were sensitive to variations of extracellular [K+] and blocked by Ba2+. Thus, the lack of IK1 in human omentum EC suggests that resting membrane potential is determined by Na+ and Cl- currents in addition to K+ outward currents., H. M. Himmel, U. Rauen, U. Ravens., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
277. Mikrokosmos :
- Creator:
- Daniels, Ronald,
- Type:
- text and monografie
- Subject:
- Přírodní vědy. Matematické vědy, Daniels, Ronald,, přírodovědci, fyziologie, antropologie, filozofie marxistická, vědy přírodní, Německo, vědy o živé přírodě, and světové dějiny 1789-1918
- Language:
- German
- Rights:
- unknown
278. Moderate exercise based on artificial gravity preserves orthostatic tolerance and exercise capacity during short-term head-down bed rest
- Creator:
- Li, X.-T., Yang, C.-B., Zhu, Y.-S., Sun, J., Shi, F., Wang, Y.-C., Gao, Y., Zhao, J.-D., and Sun, X.-Q.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, physiology, short arm centrifuge, microgravity, maximal oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold, cardiovascular function, heart rate variability, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Numerous countermeasures have been proposed to minimize microgravity-induced physical deconditioning, but their benefits are limited. The present study aimed to investigate whether personalized aerobic exercise based on artificial gravity (AG) mitigates multisystem physical deconditioning. Fourteen men were assigned to the control group (n=6) and the countermeasure group (CM, n=8). Subjects in the CM group were exposed to AG (2 Gz at foot level) for 30 min twice daily, during which time cycling exercise of 80-95 % anaerobic threshold (AT) intensity was undertaken. Orthostatic tolerance (OT), exercise tests, and blood assays were determined before and after 4 days head-down bed rest (HDBR). Cardiac systolic function was measured every day. After HDBR, OT decreased to 50.9 % and 77.5 % of pre-HDBR values in control and CM groups, respectively. Exercise endurance, maximal oxygen consumption, and AT decreased to 96.5 %, 91.5 % and 91.8 % of pre-HDBR values, respectively, in the control group. Nevertheless, there were slight changes in the CM group. HDBR increased heart rate, sympathetic activity, and the pre-ejection period, but decreased plasma volume, parasympathetic activity and left-ventricular ejection time in the control group, whereas these effects were eliminated in the CM group. Aldosterone had no change in the control group but increased significantly in the CM group. Our study shows that 80-95 % AT aerobic exercise based on 2 Gz of AG preserves OT and exercise endurance, and affects body fluid regulation during short-term HDBR. The underlying mechanisms might involve maintained cardiac systolic function, preserved plasma volume, and improved sympathetic responses to orthostatic stress., X.-T. Li, C.-B. Yang, Y.-S. Zhu, J. Sun, F. Shi, Y.-C. Wang, Y. Gao, J.-D. Zhao, X.-Q. Sun., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
279. Modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities by sexual steroid hormones
- Creator:
- Snežana B. Pajović and Saičić, Z. S.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Experimentální medicína, fyziologie, potkan, physiology, Rattus norvegicus, brain, antioxidant defense enzymes, sexual steroid hormones, 14, and 616-092
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Taking into consideration the biological importance of interaction between antioxidant defense (AD) enzymes and sexual steroid hormones it was deemed important to compare our recent achievements in the field with the state of current knowledge. The main goal of the present review was to investigate the changes of AD enzyme activities: superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase in the brain of female and male rats depending on progesterone and estradiol. These ovarian steroids produce their effects by acting on numerous target tissues and organs, such as the reproductive organs, bone tissue and cartilage, peripheral blood vessels and the central nervous system (CNS). We have chosen it as a new parameter that might represent an important indicator of the changes within the CNS, bearing in mind the biological importance of the enzymes of the AD system. Our experimental results indicate that the AD enzyme activities in the brain tissue of female and male rats show a certain dependence on the concentration of progesterone and estradiol. The present review suggests that the modulation of the oxidative and antioxidative capacity by sexual steroid hormones is mediated through antioxidant metabolizing enzymes., S. B. Pajović, Z. S. Saičić., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
280. Modulation of substance P signaling by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzymatic activity in human glioma cell lines
- Creator:
- Petr Bušek, Jarmila Stremeňová, Evžen Křepela, and Aleksi Šedo
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika, fyziologie, gliomy, vápník, physiology, gliomas, calcium, dipeptidyl peptidase, substance P, NK1 receptor, calcium signaling, 2, and 577
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV, CD26) is a serine protease almost ubiquitously expressed on cell surface and present in body fluids. DPP-IV has been suggested to proteolytically modify a number of biologically active peptides including substance P (SP) and the chemokine stro mal cell derived factor-1α (SDF-1α, CXCL12). SP and SDF-1α have been implicated in the regulation of multiple biological processes and also induce responses that may be relevant for glioma progression. Both SP and SDF-1α are signaling through cell surface receptors and use intracellular calcium as a second messenger. The effect of DPP-IV on intracellular calcium mobilization mediated by SP and SDF- α was monitored in suspension of wild type U373 and DPP-IV transfected U373DPPIV glioma cells using indicator FURA-2. Nanomolar concentrations of SP triggered a transient dose dependent increase in intracellular calcium rendering the cells refractory to repeated stimulation, while SDF-1α had no measurable effect. SP signaling in DPP-IV overexpressing U373DPPIV cells was not substantially different from that in wild type cells. However, preincubation of SP with the DPP-IV overexpressing cells lead to the loss of its signaling potential, which could be prevented with DPP-IV inhibitors. Taken together, DPP-IV may proteolytically inactivate local mediators involved in gliomagenesis., P. Bušek, J, Stremeňová, E. Křepela, A. Šedo., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public