Rentgenofluorescenční a infračervená spektroskopie patří mezi nejvíce využívané analytické metody při materiálových průzkumech iluminovaných rukopisů, kodexů a graduálů. V článku je stručně popsán princip obou metod a základní instrumentace. Na třech konkrétních případech - průzkumu rukopisů z archivního fondu Desky zemské Království českého, Kodexu Václava z Jihlavy a Graduálu mistra Václava - je ukázáno využití informací získaných pomocí těchto metod pro samotné konzervování a restaurování., X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy are the most widely used analytical methods for material surveys of illuminated manuscripts, codexes and graduals. This article briefly describes the principle of both methods and basic instrumentation. In three specific cases - a survey of manuscripts from the archival fund of Land registers of the Bohemian Kingdom, the Václav o Jihlava Codex and the Gradual Master Wenceslas - the use of information obtained through these methods for preservation and restoration is demonstrated., Michal Ďurovič, Tomáš Trojek, Tomáš Čechák, Hana Paulusová, Klára Drábková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
V polovině roku 2014 začalo fungovat laserové centrum HiLASE v nové budově v Dolních Břežanech nedaleko Prahy. V centru jsou vyvíjeny vysokovýkonné lasery, které budou použity pro pokročilé aplikace. Čtyřletý výzkum již přinesl řadu původních výsledků a první lasery jsou již v provozu [1, 2]. V článku uvádíme přehled používaných laserových technologií, vyvíjených laserových systémů a nových diagnostických metod., At the new HiLASE laser centre, which started to operate in the middle of 2014, lasers with high average power intended for high-tech applications are developed. So far progress has brought several original results and the first lasers are in operation. This paper presents an overview of the laser technologies used, lasers under development and new diagnostic methods., Ondřej Novák, Martin Smrž, Michal Chyla, Siva S. Nagisetty, Hana Turčičová, Jiří Mužík, Patricie Severová, Pawel Sikocinski, Jakub Měsíček, Jaroslav Huynh, Tomáš Hambálek, Jens Linnemann, Alina Pranovich, Taisuke Miura, Akira Endo, Martin Divoký, Ondřej Slezák, Magdalena Sawicka-Chyla, Venkatesan Jambunathan, Petr Navrátil, Lucie Horáčková, David Vojna, Jan Pilař, Stafano Bonora, Antonio Lucianetti, Tomáš Mocek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Fyzikové se na výzkum v oblasti fyzikálního vzdělávání dosud často dívají s podezřením. Je to vůbec seriózní výzkum? Čím se zabývá? Jaké má výsledky? A nepatří spíš do pedagogiky? Příčinou těchto otázek může být i malá informovanost. Smyslem našeho příspěvku samozřejmě není přesvědčit polovinu fyziků, aby se vzdali svých specializací a vrhli se na didaktiku fyziky. Cílem je přinést stručný pohled na dnešní stav této oblasti (či alespoň určitých jejích aspektů), přispět k překonání některých zastaralých představ a ukázat, že výzkum v oboru fyzikálního vzdělávání lze brát jako přirozenou součást fyziky - oblast sice hraničí, ale je zajímavou a důležitou, která je pro fyziku jako celek přínosem., Physicists still often look at the area of physics educational research with some scepticism. ls it actually a serious research? What are its topics? What are the results? Does it not belong rather to pedagogy? Such questions can originate also from the lack of information. Of course, the purpose of this article is not to persuade half of physicists to drop their special fields and jump into the area of physics educational research. Rather, its aim is to present a brief view of a current state of this area (or at least some of its aspects), to help to overcome some outdated opinions and to show that physics educational research can be regarded as a natural part of physics – the part at its frontiers, but interesting, important and, in general, the area from which physics as a whole can benefit., Leoš Dvořák, Martina Kekule, Vojtěch Žák., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Remote lasing from long distance towards Earth provides an efficient tool for remote sensing of the upper layers of the atmosphere. The basic element of such a system is a laser producing ultra-short pulses which are first negatively chirped before firing into the Earth‘s atmosphere. The atmospheric air imposes a positive chirp so at distances of several kilometres the laser pulse gets very short and has a very high intensity. At this point the air is ionized and the plasma filament forms a lasing medium., Hana Turčičová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ve středu 15. 7. 2015 ve většině našich hlavních médíí proběhla zpráva, že v CERNu byla objevena nová částice, nazývana pentakvark. Titulky zněly od střízlivého CERN hlásí objev nové částice přes Průlomový objev: Fyzici CERNu izolovali nové částice atomu až po bombastické Pentakvark. Vědecká bomba! CERN objevil částici, kterou hledal půl století. Jak skutečně významný je objev pentakvarku? Dříve než se pokusím na tuto otázku odpovědět, je třeba připomenout základní fakta o našich dnešních znalostech struktury hmoty a vysvětlit, co to jsou pentakvarky., On June 7th, news appeared in the mass media that a new particle called pentaquark, was discovered in CERN. Some headlines announced this finding as a breakthrough. Is the discovery of pentaquarks really so important? In this contribution, we tray to answer this question., Jiří Chýla., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Adventus of Francis I and Maria Theresa to Florence the capital of the grand duchy of Tuscany represents an event that should not be forgotten. A reference to this ceremonial entrance of the emperor that took place on January 20, 1739 is nowadays commemorated by the Arco di Trionfo in Florence, by the relief on sarcophagus of Maria Theresa and Francois I in Imperial Crypt in Vienna as well as in the preserved written records. Based on one of the period sources (Relazione Dell’ Ingresso fatto in Firenze Dalle Altezze Reali del Serenissimo Francesco III Duca di Lorena, e di Bar, ec. ec. Granduca di Toscana, E della Serenissima Maria Teresa, Arciduchessa d’ Austria, e Granduchessa di Toscana. Il dì 20. Gennaio 1738. ab Inc.), the course of the ceremonial entrance was reconstructed. Bearing in mind its author’s intention to provide an idealized record of the event aiming to glorify the new grand duke the text was subjected to collation with hard facts of the period to obtain a more realistic view of the event., Terezie Pilarová a Magdaléna Marjaková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
A new species Wardium paucispinosum (Eucestoda: Hymenolepididae) parasite from the intestine of Larus maculipennis (Lichtenstein) from Mar del Plata, Argentina is described. The distinctive features of the new species are: strobilar length 52.8 mm; 10 aploparaksoid rostellar hooks, 14 (12-17) pm long; ratio between cirrus pouch length and mature proglottid width (CPL/MPW) 0.38 (0.27-0.50); regular cylindrical evaginated cirrus, 90 x 10 pm, with distal end without spines and proximal and medium thirds covered with spines 7 pm long; simple tubular membranous vagina, 110 x 10 pm, without sclcrotised portions and sphincters; eggs fusiform, 77 x 44 pm. Besides, llymenolepis semiductilis Szidat, 1964, from the intestine of Larus dominicanus and L. maculipennis from Santa Fé, Argentina is transferred to the genus Wardium Mayhew, 1925, based on the presence and shape of the rostellar hooks.
Herbivorous insects are often highly specialised, likely due to trade-offs in fitness on alternative host species. However, some pest insects are extremely adaptable and readily adopt novel hosts, sometimes causing rapid expansion of their host range as they spread from their original host and geographic origin. The genetic basis of this phenomenon is poorly understood, limiting our ability to predict or mitigate global insect pest outbreaks. We investigated the trajectory of early adaptation to novel hosts in a regionally-specialised global crop pest species (the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus). After experimentally-enforced dietary specialisation for nearly 300 generations, we measured changes in fitness over the first 5 generations of adaptation to 6 novel hosts. Of these, C. maculatus reproduced successfully on all but one, with reduced fitness observed on three hosts in the first generation. Loss of fitness was followed by very rapid, decelerating increases in fitness over the first 1-5 generations, resulting in comparable levels of population fitness to that observed on the original host after 5 generations. Heritability of fitness on novel hosts was high. Adaptation occurred primarily via changes in behavioural and phenological traits, and never via changes in offspring survival to adulthood, despite high heritability for this trait. These results suggest that C. maculatus possesses ample additive genetic variation for very rapid host shifts, despite a prolonged period of enforced specialization, and also suggest that some previously-inferred environmental maternal effects on host use may in part actually represent (rapidly) evolved changes. We highlight the need to examine in more detail the genetic architecture facilitating retention of high additive genetic variation for host shifts in extremely adaptable global crop pests., Thomas N. Price, Aoife Leonard, Lesley T. Lancaster., and Obsahuje bibliografii