In this paper, for complete Riemannian manifolds with radial Ricci or sectional curvature bounded from below or above, respectively, with respect to some point, we prove several volume comparison theorems, which can be seen as extensions of already existing results. In fact, under this radial curvature assumption, the model space is the spherically symmetric manifold, which is also called the generalized space form, determined by the bound of the radial curvature, and moreover, volume comparisons are made between annulus or geodesic balls on the original manifold and those on the model space., Jing Mao., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The contribution explores the Prague origines of the first Prague and Austrian female author of the Enlightenment, Maria Anna Sager, born Rosskoschny (1719-1805). The reconstruction of the carreer of her father Anton Ferdinand Rosskoschny (1679-1734) at the Böhmische Statthalterei - he ended as "Registrator" and "Expeditor" - proves his social ambitions. On the other hand egodocuments of him conserved in the National Archives at Prague reveal the sorrows and the "stress" of the wellestablished fonctioner, not only his fear in front of the people, but also for his reputation, his family and his soul., Helga Meise., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
In the War of the Austrian Succession one of the major turning points was when Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia, because this step strengthened the power of the Houseof Habsburg in Central Europe. For people who belonged to the Reformed Church in the Kingdom of Hungary, this meant that they had to live their lives under the rule of a Catholic monarch. Debrecen was the centre of the Reformed Church and the city prepared for this political situation: pastor Mihály Komáromi H. delivered a special sermon to celebrate the coronation. In this sermon he acknowledged the fact that the Habsburgs had right to the Hungarian throne and tried to use this political advantage to improve the situation of the Reformed Church. This sermon became so popular that a manuscript was made from it and it was a popular reading in the Reformed congregations of the countryside., Ádám Hegyi., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Na modelové situace a jejich řešení jsme si v podstatě zvykli v běžném životě. Ukazuje se však, že v rámci výuky fyziky, a to jak při výkladu fyzikálních jevů a dějů, tak i při řešení úloh, se bez nich neobejdeme. Článek uvádí několik příkladů z výuky fyziky, pomocí nichž si tuto skutečnost můžeme uvědomit., We used to model situations and their solutions in our life. lt appears that they are necessary for teaching and studying physics, on the one hand for explanation of physical phenomena, and for solving problems. The paper presents some examples appropriate to realize this fact., Ivo Volf., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
A major reform in the reign of Joseph II was the establishment in 1786 of the provincial building directorates, through which the court aimed to regulate all public building works in the monarchy. Although the original aim of unifying building regulations throughout the realm was never achieved, the reform was a success and remained in force, with a few minor amendments, until the revolutionary year of 1848. One reason for its success was the elite corps of civil engineers who staffed these institutions. This study looks at advances in technical education, especially engineering, in the Habsburg monarchy from the beginning of the 18th century and the emergence of the Collegia Nobilia, or elite colleges, where graduates were prepared for a career in the Imperial Army. Besides military architecture, the colleges also taught the fundamentals of civil engineering, turning out some of the best‐trained creators of early modern architecture. The development and nature of this elite engineering training is examined with reference to the engineering academies of Prague, Vienna and Olomouc. In all three cases we stress the colleges’ status within the state framework, and their evolution in the light of changing official doctrine and methods of instruction. In all three cases it is clear that during the latter half of the 18th century the original ‘aristocratic’ colleges began to decline and were slowly replaced by similar state‐controlled establishments. As a first step, the court of Joseph II introduced a specialized course in practical architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. From around 1800 this model was gradually superseded by the progressive French‐style polytechnic, a modified version of which remains the standard model for technical education to this day., Michal Konečný., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Článek pojednává o principech a provedení koherentních difrakčních metod pro účely zobrazování mikroskopických objektů. Donedávna šlo o techniky využívané spíše jen výjimečně. S rozvojem a stále rostoucí dostupností výkonových zdrojů koherentního krátkovlnného záření, především vysokých harmonických (high-order harmonics) a rentgenových laserů různých typů. však nachází stále širší uplatnění., In the last decade, the field of microscopy has experienced a revolution in the application of coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) methods. In particular, thanks to the availability of high brilliance short wavelength sources, CDI is now used for a large number of applications such as biological imaging, material research or nanoscale investigation of magnetic domains. Furthermore, the recent development of high brightness X-ray and EUV laboratory sources will extend the applications of short wavelength CDI from large facilities, such as synchrotrons, to small laboratories and universities., Michal Odstrčil., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Jednoduchou transformaci RST (Reciprocal Slope Transformation) dvou proměnných x (nezávislá) a y (závislá) vyjádřenou jako [y] = x/y (transformovaná veličina je označena hranatou závorkou) lze s úspěchem využít k popisu experimentálních závislostí blízkých přímé úměrnosti., The reciprocal slope transformation (RST) for variables x (independent) and y (dependent) is given [y] = x/y where the transformed quantity is denoted by the square brackets. The simple rules for calculation with this transformation are developed. The use of the transformation is demonstrated on analysis of sorption phenomena., Jiří Blahovec., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The utilization of refraction accompanying X-ray diffraction on perfect single crystals is described. The refraction effect causes small angular deviation of the diffracted beam if the surface of the crystal is not parallel with diffracting crystallographic planes. This effect may be used for focusing or collimation of synchrotron radiation beams, for splitting of narrow beams or for spatial separation of harmonics. Therefore, the-X-ray monochromator may have some additional optical functions., V referátu je popsáno využití refrakce, která provází difrakci rtg. záření na dokonalých monokrystalech, jedná se o malé úhlové odchylky difraktovaného svazku rentgenového záření v případě, že povrch monokrystalu je odkloněn od difraktujících krystalografických rovin. Tohoto jevu lze využít k fokusaci nebo kolimaci synchrotronového záření, k rozštěpení úzkých svazků záření nebo k prostorovému oddělení harmonických. Takto může vzniknout rentgenový monochromátor mající další optické funkce., Jaromír Hrdý, Peter Oberta., and Obsahuje seznam literatury