# newdoc id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-1 # text = 4. Discussion. 1 4. 4. X LS _ 2 dep 2:dep _ 2 Discussion discussion NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root 0:root _ 3 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct 2:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-2 # text = We hypothesized that the children, who were over the age of six at the time of collection, would have adult-like SI interpretations. 1 We we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj 2:nsubj _ 2 hypothesized hypothesize VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 3 that that SCONJ IN _ 21 mark 21:mark _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det 5:det _ 5 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 nsubj 11:nsubj|21:nsubj _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct 11:punct _ 7 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 11 nsubj 5:ref _ 8 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 cop 11:cop _ 9 over over ADP IN _ 11 case 11:case _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det 11:det _ 11 age age NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 acl:relcl 5:acl:relcl _ 12 of of ADP IN _ 13 case 13:case _ 13 six six NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 11 nmod 11:nmod:of _ 14 at at ADP IN _ 16 case 16:case _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det 16:det _ 16 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 obl 11:obl:at _ 17 of of ADP IN _ 18 case 18:case _ 18 collection collection NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 nmod 16:nmod:of _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct 5:punct _ 20 would would AUX MD Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 21 aux 21:aux _ 21 have have VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 ccomp 2:ccomp _ 22 adult adult NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 compound 24:compound _ 23 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 22 punct 22:punct _ 24 like like ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod 26:amod _ 25 SI SI NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 compound 26:compound _ 26 interpretations interpretation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 obj 21:obj _ 27 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct 2:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-3 # text = We expected that the use of a training session and then the format of the question would guide participants towards evaluating pragmatic felicity over providing truth value judgments, and would result in adult-like interpretations. 1 We we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj 2:nsubj _ 2 expected expect VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 3 that that SCONJ IN _ 18 mark 18:mark _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det 5:det _ 5 use use NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 nsubj 18:nsubj|32:nsubj _ 6 of of ADP IN _ 9 case 9:case _ 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 9 det 9:det _ 8 training training NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 compound 9:compound _ 9 session session NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nmod 5:nmod:of _ 10 and and CCONJ CC _ 13 cc 13:cc _ 11 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 13 advmod 13:advmod _ 12 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det 13:det _ 13 format format NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 conj 5:conj:and|18:nsubj _ 14 of of ADP IN _ 16 case 16:case _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det 16:det _ 16 question question NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nmod 13:nmod:of _ 17 would would AUX MD Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux 18:aux _ 18 guide guide VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 ccomp 2:ccomp _ 19 participants participant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 obj 18:obj _ 20 towards towards SCONJ IN _ 21 mark 21:mark _ 21 evaluating evaluate VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 18 advcl 18:advcl:towards _ 22 pragmatic pragmatic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod 23:amod _ 23 felicity felicity NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 obj 21:obj _ 24 over over SCONJ IN _ 25 mark 25:mark _ 25 providing provide VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 21 advcl 21:advcl:over _ 26 truth truth NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 compound 27:compound _ 27 value value NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 compound 28:compound _ 28 judgments judgment NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 obj 25:obj _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct 32:punct _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc 32:cc _ 31 would would AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 32 aux 32:aux _ 32 result result VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 18 conj 2:ccomp|18:conj:and _ 33 in in ADP IN _ 37 case 37:case _ 34 adult adult NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 compound 36:compound _ 35 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 34 punct 34:punct _ 36 like like ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 37 amod 37:amod _ 37 interpretations interpretation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obl 32:obl:in _ 38 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct 2:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-4 # text = Further, we posited that if our initial hypothesis was not supported, and in fact there was some non-adult-like performance, that there would be significant variability among the conditions, with cardinal numbers having the highest performance and some the weakest. 1 Further far ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 4 advmod 4:advmod _ 2 , , PUNCT , _ 1 punct 1:punct _ 3 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj 4:nsubj _ 4 posited posit VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 5 that that SCONJ IN _ 30 mark 30:mark _ 6 if if SCONJ IN _ 12 mark 12:mark _ 7 our our PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss 9:nmod:poss _ 8 initial initial ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod 9:amod _ 9 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj:pass 12:nsubj:pass _ 10 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 aux:pass 12:aux:pass _ 11 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 12 advmod 12:advmod _ 12 supported support VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 30 advcl 30:advcl:if _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct 18:punct _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc 18:cc _ 15 in in ADP IN _ 16 case 16:case _ 16 fact fact NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 obl 18:obl:in _ 17 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 18 expl 18:expl _ 18 was be VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 conj 12:conj:and|30:advcl:if _ 19 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 25 det 25:det _ 20 non non ADV RB Degree=Pos 22 advmod 22:advmod _ 21 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 20 punct 20:punct _ 22 adult adult NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 compound 24:compound _ 23 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 22 punct 22:punct _ 24 like like ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod 25:amod _ 25 performance performance NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 nsubj 18:nsubj _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct 12:punct _ 27 that that SCONJ IN _ 30 mark 30:mark _ 28 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 30 expl 30:expl _ 29 would would AUX MD Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 30 aux 30:aux _ 30 be be VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 4 ccomp 4:ccomp _ 31 significant significant ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 amod 32:amod _ 32 variability variability NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nsubj 30:nsubj _ 33 among among ADP IN _ 35 case 35:case _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det 35:det _ 35 conditions condition NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 nmod 32:nmod:among _ 36 , , PUNCT , _ 40 punct 40:punct _ 37 with with SCONJ IN _ 40 mark 40:mark _ 38 cardinal cardinal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 39 amod 39:amod _ 39 numbers number NOUN NNS Number=Plur 40 nsubj 40:nsubj _ 40 having have VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 32 acl 32:acl:with _ 41 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 43 det 43:det _ 42 highest high ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 43 amod 43:amod _ 43 performance performance NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 obj 40:obj _ 44 and and CCONJ CC _ 47 cc 47:cc _ 45 some some NOUN NN Number=Sing 47 nsubj 47:nsubj _ 46 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 47 det 47:det _ 47 weakest weak ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 43 conj 40:obj|43:conj:and _ 48 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct 4:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-5 # text = On the surface, it does seem as if there is variability and perhaps a larger sample size or more items could lead to a significant finding (see limitations below), but at least for this study, the only significant finding was the difference between cardinal numbers and some. 1 On on ADP IN _ 3 case 3:case _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det 3:det _ 3 surface surface NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl 7:obl:on _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct 3:punct _ 5 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 expl 7:expl _ 6 does do AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux 7:aux _ 7 seem seem VERB VB Mood=Imp|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 8 as as SCONJ IN _ 11 mark 11:mark _ 9 if if ADP IN _ 8 fixed 8:fixed _ 10 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 11 expl 11:expl _ 11 is be VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 advcl 7:advcl:as_if _ 12 variability variability NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 nsubj 11:nsubj _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc 23:cc _ 14 perhaps perhaps ADV RB Degree=Pos 23 advmod 23:advmod _ 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 18 det 18:det _ 16 larger large ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 18 amod 18:amod _ 17 sample sample NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 compound 18:compound _ 18 size size NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 nsubj 23:nsubj _ 19 or or CCONJ CC _ 21 cc 21:cc _ 20 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 21 amod 21:amod _ 21 items item NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 conj 18:conj:or|23:nsubj _ 22 could could AUX MD Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 23 aux 23:aux _ 23 lead lead VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 conj 7:advcl:as_if|11:conj:and _ 24 to to ADP IN _ 27 case 27:case _ 25 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 27 det 27:det _ 26 significant significant ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod 27:amod _ 27 finding finding NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl 23:obl:to _ 28 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 29 punct 29:punct _ 29 see see VERB VB Mood=Imp|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin 23 parataxis 23:parataxis _ 30 limitations limitation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 obj 29:obj _ 31 below below ADV RB Degree=Pos 29 advmod 29:advmod _ 32 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 29 punct 29:punct _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct 34:punct _ 34 but but CCONJ CC _ 47 cc 47:cc _ 35 at at ADV IN _ 39 advmod 39:advmod _ 36 least least ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 35 fixed 35:fixed _ 37 for for ADP IN _ 39 case 39:case _ 38 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 39 det 39:det _ 39 study study NOUN NN Number=Sing 47 nmod 47:nmod:for _ 40 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct 39:punct _ 41 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det 44:det _ 42 only only ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 44 amod 44:amod _ 43 significant significant ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 44 amod 44:amod _ 44 finding finding NOUN NN Number=Sing 47 nsubj 47:nsubj _ 45 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 47 cop 47:cop _ 46 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 47 det 47:det _ 47 difference difference NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 conj 7:conj:but _ 48 between between ADP IN _ 50 case 50:case _ 49 cardinal cardinal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 50 amod 50:amod _ 50 numbers number NOUN NNS Number=Plur 47 nmod 47:nmod:between _ 51 and and CCONJ CC _ 52 cc 52:cc _ 52 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 50 conj 47:nmod:between|50:conj:and _ 53 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct 7:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-6 # text = Significant differences were not observed between all and cardinal numbers or all and some. 1 Significant significant ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod 2:amod _ 2 differences difference NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj:pass 5:nsubj:pass _ 3 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass 5:aux:pass _ 4 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 5 advmod 5:advmod _ 5 observed observe VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _ 6 between between ADP IN _ 7 case 7:case _ 7 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 5 obl 5:obl:between _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc 10:cc _ 9 cardinal cardinal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 amod 10:amod _ 10 numbers number NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 conj 5:obl:between|7:conj:and _ 11 or or CCONJ CC _ 12 cc 12:cc _ 12 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 7 conj 5:obl:between|7:conj:or _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc 14:cc _ 14 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 12 conj 7:conj|12:conj:and _ 15 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct 5:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-7 # text = 4.1. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. 1 4.1. 4.1. X LS _ 2 dep 2:dep _ 2 LIMITATIONS limitation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root 0:root _ 3 AND and CCONJ CC _ 5 cc 5:cc _ 4 FUTURE future ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod 5:amod _ 5 DIRECTIONS direction NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 conj 2:conj:and _ 6 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct 2:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-8 # text = This study is limited in its power and generalizability. 1 This this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 2 det 2:det _ 2 study study NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj:pass 4:nsubj:pass _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass 4:aux:pass _ 4 limited limit VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 7 case 7:case _ 6 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss 7:nmod:poss _ 7 power power NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl 4:obl:in _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc 9:cc _ 9 generalizability generalizability NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 conj 4:obl:in|7:conj:and _ 10 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct 4:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-9 # text = It serves as a reminder of the work that needs to be completed for the cross-linguistic study of SI in particular and acquisition more generally. 1 It it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj 2:nsubj _ 2 serves serve VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 3 as as ADP IN _ 5 case 5:case _ 4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det 5:det _ 5 reminder reminder NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obl 2:obl:as _ 6 of of ADP IN _ 8 case 8:case _ 7 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det 8:det _ 8 work work NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nmod 5:nmod:of|10:nsubj _ 9 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 10 nsubj 8:ref _ 10 needs need VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 acl:relcl 8:acl:relcl _ 11 to to PART TO _ 13 mark 13:mark _ 12 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 13 aux:pass 13:aux:pass _ 13 completed complete VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 xcomp 10:xcomp _ 14 for for ADP IN _ 17 case 17:case _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det 17:det _ 16 cross-linguistic cross-linguistic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod 17:amod _ 17 study study NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl 10:obl:for _ 18 of of ADP IN _ 19 case 19:case _ 19 SI SI NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 nmod 17:nmod:of _ 20 in in ADP IN _ 21 case 21:case _ 21 particular particular ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 19 nmod 19:nmod:in _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc 23:cc _ 23 acquisition acquisition NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 conj 17:nmod:of|19:conj:and _ 24 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 25 advmod 25:advmod _ 25 generally generally ADV RB Degree=Pos 23 advmod 23:advmod _ 26 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct 2:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-10 # text = Bantu languages are not included in studies of acquisition often enough despite the numerous languages in this linguistic grouping and the millions of people using them. 1 Bantu Bantu ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod 2:amod _ 2 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj:pass 5:nsubj:pass _ 3 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass 5:aux:pass _ 4 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 5 advmod 5:advmod _ 5 included include VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _ 6 in in ADP IN _ 7 case 7:case _ 7 studies study NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl 5:obl:in _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 9 case 9:case _ 9 acquisition acquisition NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nmod 7:nmod:of _ 10 often often ADV RB Degree=Pos 5 advmod 5:advmod _ 11 enough enough ADV RB Degree=Pos 10 advmod 10:advmod _ 12 despite despite ADP IN _ 15 case 15:case _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det 15:det _ 14 numerous numerous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 amod 15:amod _ 15 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl 5:obl:despite _ 16 in in ADP IN _ 19 case 19:case _ 17 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 19 det 19:det _ 18 linguistic linguistic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 19 amod 19:amod _ 19 grouping grouping NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 nmod 15:nmod:in _ 20 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc 22:cc _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det 22:det _ 22 millions million NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 conj 5:obl:despite|15:conj:and _ 23 of of ADP IN _ 24 case 24:case _ 24 people person NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nmod 22:nmod:of _ 25 using use VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 24 acl 24:acl _ 26 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 obj 25:obj _ 27 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct 5:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-11 # text = Future studies need to include more participants and more items to increase power. 1 Future future ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod 2:amod _ 2 studies study NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj 3:nsubj|5:nsubj:xsubj _ 3 need need VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 4 to to PART TO _ 5 mark 5:mark _ 5 include include VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 xcomp 3:xcomp _ 6 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 7 amod 7:amod _ 7 participants participant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obj 5:obj _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc 10:cc _ 9 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 10 amod 10:amod _ 10 items item NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 conj 5:obj|7:conj:and _ 11 to to PART TO _ 12 mark 12:mark _ 12 increase increase VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 advcl 3:advcl:to _ 13 power power NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obj 12:obj _ 14 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct 3:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-12 # text = Future studies should also include a larger age range of children to document the age at which adult-like performance emerges. 1 Future future ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod 2:amod _ 2 studies study NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj 5:nsubj _ 3 should should AUX MD Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux 5:aux _ 4 also also ADV RB _ 5 advmod 5:advmod _ 5 include include VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root 0:root _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 9 det 9:det _ 7 larger large ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 9 amod 9:amod _ 8 age age NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 compound 9:compound _ 9 range range NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj 5:obj _ 10 of of ADP IN _ 11 case 11:case _ 11 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 nmod 9:nmod:of _ 12 to to PART TO _ 13 mark 13:mark _ 13 document document VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 5 advcl 5:advcl:to _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det 15:det _ 15 age age NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obj 13:obj|22:obl:at _ 16 at at ADP IN _ 17 case 17:case _ 17 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 22 obl 15:ref _ 18 adult adult NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 compound 20:compound _ 19 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 18 punct 18:punct _ 20 like like ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod 21:amod _ 21 performance performance NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nsubj 22:nsubj _ 22 emerges emerge VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 acl:relcl 15:acl:relcl _ 23 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct 5:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-13 # text = Related cross-cultural studies have resulted in insufficient statistical power, but interesting trends (e.g., Nedwick, 2014). 1 Related related ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod 3:amod _ 2 cross-cultural cross-cultural ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod 3:amod _ 3 studies study NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj 5:nsubj _ 4 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux 5:aux _ 5 resulted result VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root 0:root _ 6 in in ADP IN _ 9 case 9:case _ 7 insufficient insufficient ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod 9:amod _ 8 statistical statistical ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod 9:amod _ 9 power power NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl 5:obl:in _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct 13:punct _ 11 but but CCONJ CC _ 13 cc 13:cc _ 12 interesting interesting ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod 13:amod _ 13 trends trend NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 conj 5:obl:in|9:conj:but _ 14 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 17 punct 17:punct _ 15 e.g. e.g. ADV FW Abbr=Yes 17 advmod 17:advmod _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct 15:punct _ 17 Nedwick Nedwick PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 dep 5:dep _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct 19:punct _ 19 2014 2014 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 17 nmod:tmod 17:nmod:tmod _ 20 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 17 punct 17:punct _ 21 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct 5:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-14 # text = Follow-up studies with increased stimuli and participants are needed. 1 Follow follow NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 compound 4:compound _ 2 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 3 punct 3:punct _ 3 up up ADP RP _ 1 compound:prt 1:compound:prt _ 4 studies study NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj:pass 11:nsubj:pass _ 5 with with ADP IN _ 7 case 7:case _ 6 increased increase VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 7 amod 7:amod _ 7 stimuli stimulus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nmod 4:nmod:with _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc 9:cc _ 9 participants participant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 conj 4:nmod:with|7:conj:and _ 10 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux:pass 11:aux:pass _ 11 needed need VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _ 12 . . PUNCT . _ 11 punct 11:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-15 # text = In a future study, it is also important to consider if additional training in the difference between reporting on felicity and truth value judgments would impact results, or if more naturalistic experimental conditions (e.g., demonstrating actions using real objects instead of two-dimensional depictions) would be beneficial. 1 In in ADP IN _ 4 case 4:case _ 2 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 det 4:det _ 3 future future ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod 4:amod _ 4 study study NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obl 9:obl:in _ 5 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct 4:punct _ 6 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 expl 9:expl _ 7 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 cop 9:cop _ 8 also also ADV RB _ 9 advmod 9:advmod _ 9 important important ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root 0:root _ 10 to to PART TO _ 11 mark 11:mark _ 11 consider consider VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 9 csubj 9:csubj _ 12 if if SCONJ IN _ 27 mark 27:mark _ 13 additional additional ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod 14:amod _ 14 training training NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 nsubj 27:nsubj _ 15 in in ADP IN _ 17 case 17:case _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det 17:det _ 17 difference difference NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nmod 14:nmod:in _ 18 between between SCONJ IN _ 19 mark 19:mark _ 19 reporting report VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 17 acl 17:acl:between _ 20 on on ADP IN _ 21 case 21:case _ 21 felicity felicity NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl 19:obl:on _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc 25:cc _ 23 truth truth NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 compound 24:compound _ 24 value value NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 compound 25:compound _ 25 judgments judgment NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 conj 19:obl:on|21:conj:and _ 26 would would AUX MD Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 27 aux 27:aux _ 27 impact impact VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 advcl 11:advcl:if _ 28 results result NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obj 27:obj _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct 30:punct _ 30 or or CCONJ CC _ 53 cc 53:cc _ 31 if if SCONJ IN _ 53 mark 53:mark _ 32 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 33 advmod 33:advmod _ 33 naturalistic naturalistic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 amod 35:amod _ 34 experimental experimental ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 amod 35:amod _ 35 conditions condition NOUN NNS Number=Plur 53 nsubj 53:nsubj _ 36 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 39 punct 39:punct _ 37 e.g. e.g. ADV FW Abbr=Yes 39 advmod 39:advmod _ 38 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct 37:punct _ 39 demonstrating demonstrate VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 35 appos 35:appos _ 40 actions action NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 obj 39:obj _ 41 using use VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 40 acl 40:acl _ 42 real real ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 43 amod 43:amod _ 43 objects object NOUN NNS Number=Plur 41 obj 41:obj _ 44 instead instead ADV RB _ 49 case 49:case _ 45 of of ADP IN _ 44 fixed 44:fixed _ 46 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 48 nummod 48:nummod _ 47 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 46 punct 46:punct _ 48 dimensional dimensional ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 49 amod 49:amod _ 49 depictions depiction NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 obl 39:obl:instead_of _ 50 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 39 punct 39:punct _ 51 would would AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 53 aux 53:aux _ 52 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 53 cop 53:cop _ 53 beneficial beneficial ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 conj 11:advcl:if|27:conj:or _ 54 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct 9:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-16 # text = Previous studies in this region of sub-Saharan Africa have found evidence of cultural differences in testing behavior (Hein, Reich, Marks, Thuma, & Grigorenko, 2016). 1 Previous previous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod 2:amod _ 2 studies study NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj 10:nsubj _ 3 in in ADP IN _ 5 case 5:case _ 4 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 5 det 5:det _ 5 region region NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nmod 2:nmod:in _ 6 of of ADP IN _ 8 case 8:case _ 7 sub-Saharan sub-Saharan ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod 8:amod _ 8 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nmod 5:nmod:of _ 9 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 aux 10:aux _ 10 found find VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root 0:root _ 11 evidence evidence NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obj 10:obj _ 12 of of ADP IN _ 14 case 14:case _ 13 cultural cultural ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod 14:amod _ 14 differences difference NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nmod 11:nmod:of _ 15 in in ADP IN _ 17 case 17:case _ 16 testing testing NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 compound 17:compound _ 17 behavior behavior NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nmod 14:nmod:in _ 18 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 19 punct 19:punct _ 19 Hein Hein PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 dep 10:dep _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct 21:punct _ 21 Reich Reich PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 conj 10:dep|19:conj:and _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct 23:punct _ 23 Marks Marks PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 conj 10:dep|19:conj:and _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct 25:punct _ 25 Thuma Thuma PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 conj 10:dep|19:conj:and _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct 28:punct _ 27 & & CCONJ CC _ 28 cc 28:cc _ 28 Grigorenko Grigorenko PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 conj 10:dep|19:conj:and _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct 30:punct _ 30 2016 2016 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 19 nmod:tmod 19:nmod:tmod _ 31 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 19 punct 19:punct _ 32 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct 10:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-17 # text = The current study is too small to make strong conclusions with regard to cultural differences and experimental methods; 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det 3:det _ 2 current current ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod 3:amod _ 3 study study NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj 6:nsubj _ 4 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop 6:cop _ 5 too too ADV RB Degree=Pos 6 advmod 6:advmod _ 6 small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root 0:root _ 7 to to PART TO _ 8 mark 8:mark _ 8 make make VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 advcl 6:advcl:to _ 9 strong strong ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 amod 10:amod _ 10 conclusions conclusion NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obj 8:obj _ 11 with with ADP IN _ 12 case 12:case _ 12 regard regard NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 nmod 10:nmod:with _ 13 to to ADP IN _ 15 case 15:case _ 14 cultural cultural ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 amod 15:amod _ 15 differences difference NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 nmod 12:nmod:to _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc 18:cc _ 17 experimental experimental ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod 18:amod _ 18 methods method NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 conj 12:nmod:to|15:conj:and _ 19 ; ; PUNCT : _ 6 punct 6:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-18 # text = however, in the study by Hein and colleagues it was found that children responded more or less frequently based on factors such as stimuli type. 1 however however ADV RB _ 12 advmod 12:advmod _ 2 , , PUNCT , _ 1 punct 1:punct _ 3 in in ADP IN _ 5 case 5:case _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det 5:det _ 5 study study NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl 12:obl:in _ 6 by by ADP IN _ 7 case 7:case _ 7 Hein Hein PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nmod 5:nmod:by _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc 9:cc _ 9 colleagues colleague NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 conj 5:nmod:by|7:conj:and _ 10 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nsubj:pass 12:nsubj:pass _ 11 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 aux:pass 12:aux:pass _ 12 found find VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _ 13 that that SCONJ IN _ 15 mark 15:mark _ 14 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 nsubj 15:nsubj _ 15 responded respond VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 ccomp 12:ccomp _ 16 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 19 advmod 19:advmod _ 17 or or CCONJ CC _ 18 cc 18:cc _ 18 less less ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 16 conj 16:conj:or|19:advmod _ 19 frequently frequently ADV RB Degree=Pos 15 advmod 15:advmod _ 20 based base VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 15 advcl 15:advcl _ 21 on on ADP IN _ 22 case 22:case _ 22 factors factor NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obl 20:obl:on _ 23 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 case 26:case _ 24 as as ADP IN _ 23 fixed 23:fixed _ 25 stimuli stimulus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 compound 26:compound _ 26 type type NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nmod 22:nmod:such_as _ 27 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct 12:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-19 # text = In the current study, the responses from two children were not included because they responded the same way to every item through the training and all test items. 1 In in ADP IN _ 4 case 4:case _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det 4:det _ 3 current current ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod 4:amod _ 4 study study NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl 13:obl:in _ 5 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct 4:punct _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det 7:det _ 7 responses response NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj:pass 13:nsubj:pass _ 8 from from ADP IN _ 10 case 10:case _ 9 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 10 nummod 10:nummod _ 10 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 nmod 7:nmod:from _ 11 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux:pass 13:aux:pass _ 12 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 13 advmod 13:advmod _ 13 included include VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _ 14 because because SCONJ IN _ 16 mark 16:mark _ 15 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 nsubj 16:nsubj _ 16 responded respond VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 advcl 13:advcl:because _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det 19:det _ 18 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 19 amod 19:amod _ 19 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obj 16:obj _ 20 to to ADP IN _ 22 case 22:case _ 21 every every DET DT PronType=Tot 22 det 22:det _ 22 item item NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obl 16:obl:to _ 23 through through ADP IN _ 25 case 25:case _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det 25:det _ 25 training training NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obl 16:obl:through _ 26 and and CCONJ CC _ 29 cc 29:cc _ 27 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 29 det 29:det _ 28 test test NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 compound 29:compound _ 29 items item NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 conj 16:obl:through|25:conj:and _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 13 punct 13:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-20 # text = More specifically, they answered “yes” that the puppet described the pictures well. 1 More more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 2 advmod 2:advmod _ 2 specifically specifically ADV RB Degree=Pos 5 advmod 5:advmod _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct 2:punct _ 4 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 nsubj 5:nsubj _ 5 answered answer VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 6 “ '' PUNCT `` _ 7 punct 7:punct _ 7 yes yes INTJ UH _ 5 ccomp 5:ccomp _ 8 ” '' PUNCT '' _ 7 punct 7:punct _ 9 that that SCONJ IN _ 12 mark 12:mark _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det 11:det _ 11 puppet puppet NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj 12:nsubj _ 12 described describe VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 parataxis 7:parataxis _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 14 det 14:det _ 14 pictures picture NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 obj 12:obj _ 15 well well ADV RB Degree=Pos 12 advmod 12:advmod _ 16 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct 5:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-21 # text = It is possible that these two children understood the task and really did believe that the puppet did not produce any poor descriptions, and in this regard, are not yet adult-like in their SI interpretations. 1 It it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 expl 3:expl _ 2 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop 3:cop _ 3 possible possible ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root 0:root _ 4 that that SCONJ IN _ 8 mark 8:mark _ 5 these this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 7 det 7:det _ 6 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 7 nummod 7:nummod _ 7 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nsubj 8:nsubj|14:nsubj _ 8 understood understand VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 csubj 3:csubj _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det 10:det _ 10 task task NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obj 8:obj _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc 14:cc _ 12 really really ADV RB Degree=Pos 14 advmod 14:advmod _ 13 did do AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 14 aux 14:aux _ 14 believe believe VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 8 conj 3:csubj|8:conj:and _ 15 that that SCONJ IN _ 20 mark 20:mark _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det 17:det _ 17 puppet puppet NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nsubj 20:nsubj _ 18 did do AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 aux 20:aux _ 19 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 20 advmod 20:advmod _ 20 produce produce VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 14 ccomp 14:ccomp _ 21 any any DET DT PronType=Ind 23 det 23:det _ 22 poor poor ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod 23:amod _ 23 descriptions description NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obj 20:obj _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct 25:punct _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 35 cc 35:cc _ 26 in in ADP IN _ 28 case 28:case _ 27 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 28 det 28:det _ 28 regard regard NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 obl 35:obl:in _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct 28:punct _ 30 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 35 cop 35:cop _ 31 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 35 advmod 35:advmod _ 32 yet yet ADV RB _ 35 advmod 35:advmod _ 33 adult adult NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 compound 35:compound _ 34 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 33 punct 33:punct _ 35 like like ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 conj 3:csubj|8:conj:and _ 36 in in ADP IN _ 39 case 39:case _ 37 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 39 nmod:poss 39:nmod:poss _ 38 SI SI NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 compound 39:compound _ 39 interpretations interpretation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 obl 35:obl:in _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct 3:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-22 # text = This is unlikely as they said that even the first training item was said well. 1 This this PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 3 nsubj 3:nsubj _ 2 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop 3:cop _ 3 unlikely unlikely ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|Polarity=Neg 0 root 0:root _ 4 as as SCONJ IN _ 6 mark 6:mark _ 5 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 nsubj 6:nsubj _ 6 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 advcl 3:advcl:as _ 7 that that SCONJ IN _ 14 mark 14:mark _ 8 even even ADV RB _ 14 advmod 14:advmod _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det 12:det _ 10 first first ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord 12 amod 12:amod _ 11 training training NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 compound 12:compound _ 12 item item NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nsubj:pass 14:nsubj:pass _ 13 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 14 aux:pass 14:aux:pass _ 14 said say VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 ccomp 6:ccomp _ 15 well well ADV RB Degree=Pos 14 advmod 14:advmod _ 16 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct 3:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-23 # text = It is also possible though that these two children were attempting to please the data collectors, or be polite, and that “yes” was in some ways a default answer to be provided when having to respond verbally in a test context. 1 It it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 expl 4:expl _ 2 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop 4:cop _ 3 also also ADV RB _ 4 advmod 4:advmod _ 4 possible possible ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root 0:root _ 5 though though ADV RB Degree=Pos 4 advmod 4:advmod _ 6 that that SCONJ IN _ 11 mark 11:mark _ 7 these this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 9 det 9:det _ 8 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 9 nummod 9:nummod _ 9 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj 11:nsubj|13:nsubj:xsubj|20:nsubj:xsubj _ 10 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux 11:aux _ 11 attempting attempt VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 4 csubj 4:csubj _ 12 to to PART TO _ 13 mark 13:mark _ 13 please please VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 xcomp 11:xcomp _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det 16:det _ 15 data datum NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 compound 16:compound _ 16 collectors collector NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obj 13:obj _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct 20:punct _ 18 or or CCONJ CC _ 20 cc 20:cc _ 19 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 20 cop 20:cop _ 20 polite polite ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 conj 11:xcomp|13:conj:or _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct 33:punct _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc 33:cc _ 23 that that SCONJ IN _ 33 mark 33:mark _ 24 “ '' PUNCT `` _ 25 punct 25:punct _ 25 yes yes INTJ UH _ 33 nsubj 33:nsubj _ 26 ” '' PUNCT '' _ 25 punct 25:punct _ 27 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 33 cop 33:cop _ 28 in in ADP IN _ 30 case 30:case _ 29 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 30 det 30:det _ 30 ways way NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 obl 33:obl:in _ 31 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 33 det 33:det _ 32 default default NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 compound 33:compound _ 33 answer answer NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 conj 4:csubj|11:conj:and _ 34 to to PART TO _ 36 mark 36:mark _ 35 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 36 aux:pass 36:aux:pass _ 36 provided provide VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 33 acl 33:acl:to _ 37 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 38 advmod 38:advmod _ 38 having have VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 36 advcl 36:advcl:when _ 39 to to PART TO _ 40 mark 40:mark _ 40 respond respond VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 38 xcomp 38:xcomp _ 41 verbally verbally ADV RB Degree=Pos 40 advmod 40:advmod _ 42 in in ADP IN _ 45 case 45:case _ 43 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 45 det 45:det _ 44 test test NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 compound 45:compound _ 45 context context NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 obl 40:obl:in _ 46 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct 4:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-24 # text = Additional training with the methodology could improve outcomes. 1 Additional additional ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod 2:amod _ 2 training training NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj 7:nsubj _ 3 with with ADP IN _ 5 case 5:case _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det 5:det _ 5 methodology methodology NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nmod 2:nmod:with _ 6 could could AUX MD Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux 7:aux _ 7 improve improve VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root 0:root _ 8 outcomes outcome NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 obj 7:obj _ 9 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct 7:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-25 # text = The puppets used were picked specifically for this task with careful attention to their appearance. 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det 2:det _ 2 puppets puppet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj:pass 5:nsubj:pass _ 3 used use VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 2 acl 2:acl _ 4 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass 5:aux:pass _ 5 picked pick VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _ 6 specifically specifically ADV RB Degree=Pos 5 advmod 5:advmod _ 7 for for ADP IN _ 9 case 9:case _ 8 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 9 det 9:det _ 9 task task NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl 5:obl:for _ 10 with with ADP IN _ 12 case 12:case _ 11 careful careful ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 amod 12:amod _ 12 attention attention NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 nmod 9:nmod:with _ 13 to to ADP IN _ 15 case 15:case _ 14 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss 15:nmod:poss _ 15 appearance appearance NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nmod 12:nmod:to _ 16 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct 5:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-26 # text = Upon arrival at the school, however, it became clear that the children were not accustomed to playing with puppets and that the data collection would be a novel experience for them. 1 Upon upon ADP IN _ 2 case 2:case _ 2 arrival arrival NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl 10:obl:upon _ 3 at at ADP IN _ 5 case 5:case _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det 5:det _ 5 school school NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nmod 2:nmod:at _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct 2:punct _ 7 however however ADV RB _ 10 advmod 10:advmod _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 7 punct 7:punct _ 9 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 expl 10:expl _ 10 became become VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 11 clear clear ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 xcomp 10:xcomp _ 12 that that SCONJ IN _ 17 mark 17:mark _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 14 det 14:det _ 14 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 nsubj:pass 17:nsubj:pass _ 15 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 aux:pass 17:aux:pass _ 16 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 17 advmod 17:advmod _ 17 accustomed accustom VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 csubj 10:csubj|11:csubj:xsubj _ 18 to to SCONJ IN _ 19 mark 19:mark _ 19 playing play VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 17 advcl 17:advcl:to _ 20 with with ADP IN _ 21 case 21:case _ 21 puppets puppet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obl 19:obl:with _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc 31:cc _ 23 that that SCONJ IN _ 31 mark 31:mark _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det 26:det _ 25 data datum NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 compound 26:compound _ 26 collection collection NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 nsubj 31:nsubj _ 27 would would AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 31 aux 31:aux _ 28 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 31 cop 31:cop _ 29 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 31 det 31:det _ 30 novel novel ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod 31:amod _ 31 experience experience NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 conj 10:csubj|11:csubj:xsubj|17:conj:and _ 32 for for ADP IN _ 33 case 33:case _ 33 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 nmod 31:nmod:for _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct 10:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-27 # text = Further exploration with greater cardinal number ranges could also prove interesting. 1 Further further ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 2 amod 2:amod _ 2 exploration exploration NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 nsubj 10:nsubj|11:nsubj:xsubj _ 3 with with ADP IN _ 7 case 7:case _ 4 greater great ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 7 amod 7:amod _ 5 cardinal cardinal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod 6:amod _ 6 number number NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 compound 7:compound _ 7 ranges range NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nmod 2:nmod:with _ 8 could could AUX MD Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 10 aux 10:aux _ 9 also also ADV RB _ 10 advmod 10:advmod _ 10 prove prove VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root 0:root _ 11 interesting interesting ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 xcomp 10:xcomp _ 12 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct 10:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-28 # text = Numbers through five in the participating communities are most often expressed with native Chitonga words while numbers greater than five are typically indicated using English borrowings. 1 Numbers number NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj:pass 11:nsubj:pass _ 2 through through ADP IN _ 3 case 3:case _ 3 five five NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 1 nmod 1:nmod:through _ 4 in in ADP IN _ 7 case 7:case _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det 7:det _ 6 participating participate VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 7 amod 7:amod _ 7 communities community NOUN NNS Number=Plur 1 nmod 1:nmod:in _ 8 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux:pass 11:aux:pass _ 9 most most ADV RBS Degree=Sup 10 advmod 10:advmod _ 10 often often ADV RB Degree=Pos 11 advmod 11:advmod _ 11 expressed express VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root 0:root _ 12 with with ADP IN _ 15 case 15:case _ 13 native native ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod 14:amod _ 14 Chitonga Chitonga PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 compound 15:compound _ 15 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obl 11:obl:with _ 16 while while SCONJ IN _ 23 mark 23:mark _ 17 numbers number NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nsubj:pass 23:nsubj:pass|24:nsubj:xsubj _ 18 greater great ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 17 amod 17:amod _ 19 than than ADP IN _ 20 case 20:case _ 20 five five NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 18 obl 18:obl:than _ 21 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 aux:pass 23:aux:pass _ 22 typically typically ADV RB Degree=Pos 23 advmod 23:advmod _ 23 indicated indicate VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 11 advcl 11:advcl:while _ 24 using use VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 23 xcomp 23:xcomp _ 25 English English ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod 26:amod _ 26 borrowings borrowing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 obj 24:obj _ 27 . . PUNCT . _ 11 punct 11:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-29 # text = The cardinal numbers included in this study were only one through five in order to avoid additional item variability, but larger numbers should be included in future research. 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det 3:det _ 2 cardinal cardinal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod 3:amod _ 3 numbers number NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj 10:nsubj _ 4 included include VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 3 acl 3:acl _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 7 case 7:case _ 6 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 7 det 7:det _ 7 study study NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl 4:obl:in _ 8 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 cop 10:cop _ 9 only only ADV RB _ 10 advmod 10:advmod _ 10 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 0 root 0:root _ 11 through through ADP IN _ 12 case 12:case _ 12 five five NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 10 nmod 10:nmod:through _ 13 in in SCONJ IN _ 16 mark 16:mark _ 14 order order NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 fixed 13:fixed _ 15 to to PART TO _ 16 mark 16:mark _ 16 avoid avoid VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 10 advcl 10:advcl:in_order_to _ 17 additional additional ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 19 amod 19:amod _ 18 item item NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 compound 19:compound _ 19 variability variability NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obj 16:obj _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct 26:punct _ 21 but but CCONJ CC _ 26 cc 26:cc _ 22 larger large ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 23 amod 23:amod _ 23 numbers number NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nsubj:pass 26:nsubj:pass _ 24 should should AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 26 aux 26:aux _ 25 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 26 aux:pass 26:aux:pass _ 26 included include VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 conj 10:conj:but _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 29 case 29:case _ 28 future future ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 amod 29:amod _ 29 research research NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obl 26:obl:in _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct 10:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-30 # text = 5. Conclusion. 1 5. 5. X LS _ 2 dep 2:dep _ 2 Conclusion conclusion NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root 0:root _ 3 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct 2:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-31 # text = Albeit limited, these results provide valuable insight into SI interpretation by Chitonga-speaking children and demonstrate that pragmatic inference acquisition likely follows the order identified in previous research, but appears to be completed at a later age in this language. 1 Albeit albeit SCONJ IN _ 2 mark 2:mark _ 2 limited limit VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 6 advcl 6:advcl:albeit _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct 2:punct _ 4 these this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 5 det 5:det _ 5 results result NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj 6:nsubj|18:nsubj _ 6 provide provide VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root 0:root _ 7 valuable valuable ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod 8:amod _ 8 insight insight NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obj 6:obj _ 9 into into ADP IN _ 11 case 11:case _ 10 SI SI NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 compound 11:compound _ 11 interpretation interpretation NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nmod 8:nmod:into _ 12 by by ADP IN _ 16 case 16:case _ 13 Chitonga Chitonga PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 compound 15:compound _ 14 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 13 punct 13:punct _ 15 speaking speak VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 16 amod 16:amod _ 16 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nmod 11:nmod:by _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc 18:cc _ 18 demonstrate demonstrate VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj 6:conj:and _ 19 that that SCONJ IN _ 24 mark 24:mark _ 20 pragmatic pragmatic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod 21:amod _ 21 inference inference NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 compound 22:compound _ 22 acquisition acquisition NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 nsubj 24:nsubj|33:nsubj|36:nsubj:pass:xsubj _ 23 likely likely ADV RB Degree=Pos 24 advmod 24:advmod _ 24 follows follow VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 ccomp 18:ccomp _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det 26:det _ 26 order order NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obj 24:obj _ 27 identified identify VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 26 acl 26:acl _ 28 in in ADP IN _ 30 case 30:case _ 29 previous previous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 amod 30:amod _ 30 research research NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obl 27:obl:in _ 31 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct 33:punct _ 32 but but CCONJ CC _ 33 cc 33:cc _ 33 appears appear VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 conj 18:ccomp|24:conj:but _ 34 to to PART TO _ 36 mark 36:mark _ 35 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 36 aux:pass 36:aux:pass _ 36 completed complete VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 33 xcomp 33:xcomp _ 37 at at ADP IN _ 40 case 40:case _ 38 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 40 det 40:det _ 39 later late ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 40 amod 40:amod _ 40 age age NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 obl 36:obl:at _ 41 in in ADP IN _ 43 case 43:case _ 42 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 43 det 43:det _ 43 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 obl 36:obl:in _ 44 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct 6:punct _ # sent_id = en-gum-train-GUM_academic_implicature:s-32 # text = This interesting combination of findings – expected hierarchy of difficulty, but differing age of acquisition – is an important addition to our growing cross-linguistic knowledge of SI and could be the result of language-specific differences in the use of SI lexical items or methodological differences. 1 This this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 3 det 3:det _ 2 interesting interesting ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod 3:amod _ 3 combination combination NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj 21:nsubj|33:nsubj _ 4 of of ADP IN _ 5 case 5:case _ 5 findings finding NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nmod 3:nmod:of _ 6 – - PUNCT : _ 8 punct 8:punct _ 7 expected expect VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 8 amod 8:amod _ 8 hierarchy hierarchy NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 appos 3:appos _ 9 of of ADP IN _ 10 case 10:case _ 10 difficulty difficulty NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nmod 8:nmod:of _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct 14:punct _ 12 but but CCONJ CC _ 14 cc 14:cc _ 13 differing differ VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 14 amod 14:amod _ 14 age age NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 conj 3:appos|8:conj:but _ 15 of of ADP IN _ 16 case 16:case _ 16 acquisition acquisition NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nmod 14:nmod:of _ 17 – - PUNCT : _ 3 punct 3:punct _ 18 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 cop 21:cop _ 19 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 21 det 21:det _ 20 important important ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod 21:amod _ 21 addition addition NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root 0:root _ 22 to to ADP IN _ 26 case 26:case _ 23 our our PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 26 nmod:poss 26:nmod:poss _ 24 growing grow VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 26 amod 26:amod _ 25 cross-linguistic cross-linguistic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod 26:amod _ 26 knowledge knowledge NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nmod 21:nmod:to _ 27 of of ADP IN _ 28 case 28:case _ 28 SI SI NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nmod 26:nmod:of _ 29 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc 33:cc _ 30 could could AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 33 aux 33:aux _ 31 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 33 cop 33:cop _ 32 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 33 det 33:det _ 33 result result NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 conj 21:conj:and _ 34 of of ADP IN _ 38 case 38:case _ 35 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 compound 37:compound _ 36 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 35 punct 35:punct _ 37 specific specific ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod 38:amod _ 38 differences difference NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 nmod 33:nmod:of _ 39 in in ADP IN _ 41 case 41:case _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det 41:det _ 41 use use NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 nmod 38:nmod:in _ 42 of of ADP IN _ 45 case 45:case _ 43 SI SI NOUN NN Number=Sing 44 compound 44:compound _ 44 lexical lexical ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 45 amod 45:amod _ 45 items item NOUN NNS Number=Plur 41 nmod 41:nmod:of _ 46 or or CCONJ CC _ 48 cc 48:cc _ 47 methodological methodological ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 48 amod 48:amod _ 48 differences difference NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 conj 33:nmod:of|38:conj:or _ 49 . . PUNCT . _ 21 punct 21:punct _